Vertical and Diagonal Planes

Early Life and Academic Training

František Kupka was born on 23 September 1871 in Opočno, eastern Bohemia, within the borders of Austria-Hungary. His early years were shaped by the landscape of this region, a setting that preceded his move toward more complex, non-representational forms. Between 1889 and 1892, he spent his time at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. During these years of study, his brush focused on historical and patriotic themes, working through the technical requirements of academic training while exploring the narratives of his homeland.

His education continued when he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. It was during this period of formal instruction that his interests began to shift toward the unseen. He became involved with theosophy and Eastern philosophy, looking for meaning beyond the physical surface of a canvas. These studies introduced a spiritual dimension to his thinking, moving him away from the literal depictions of his earlier training and toward a search for deeper, hidden realities.

The Parisian Awakening and Artistic Evolution

The move to Paris in 1894 changed the direction of his work. He spent time at the Académie Julian before moving on to study with Jean-Pierre Laurens at the École des Beaux-Arts. These years in the city were spent absorbing the atmosphere of the fin de siècle. He was not merely absorbing techniques but was looking for a way to express things that were not easily seen. His focus began to shift away from the historical and patriotic subjects of his earlier training toward something more internal.

By 1906, he had settled in Puteaux, a suburb of Paris. This period marked a significant change in how he presented his work to the public. That same year, he exhibited for the first time at the Salon d'Automne. The paintings from this era show a departure from the representational style he had practiced in Prague and Vienna. He began to move toward a more personal visual language, one that prioritized the way color and form could communicate meaning without needing to depict recognizable objects.

Technique and the Language of Abstraction

By 1910–1911, the recognizable shapes of his earlier work began to recede. He moved away from depicting objects as they appeared to the eye, choosing instead to use lines and forms to express internal ideas. This shift was not a rejection of structure, but a search for a different kind of truth. He looked closely at the essence of color, studying how different hues interact and influence one another on the surface of a canvas. He held a belief that the specific application of paint could help a viewer enter an original state of being.

His handling of material became increasingly deliberate. In his 1910 painting Nocturne, he applied oil paints in layers to build a sense of luminosity and textural depth. This method allowed light to seem as though it were coming from within the pigment itself. He focused on the way color could function as an independent force, moving beyond mere description to create a visual language of pure sensation.

• Nocturne (1910)

Orphism and the Development of Orphic Cubism

By 1912, the focus of the work had shifted toward a new way of seeing. During the Golden Section Cubist exhibition at the Salon des Indépendants, the paintings moved away from the recognizable shapes of the world. This period saw the emergence of Orphism, a movement where the arrangement of color and light took precedence over the depiction of objects. The works were used as primary examples of this new style, which sought to move beyond the boundaries of traditional representation.

The shift toward pure abstraction became visible in the way color was handled. In the 1912 work Amorpha, Fugue en deux couleurs, the subject is no longer a person or a place, but the interaction of color itself. This piece is often cited as one of the first instances of completely non-representational painting. The layers of pigment do not describe a scene; they create a rhythm of light and movement that exists independently of any physical model.

• Amorpha, Fugue en deux couleurs (1912)

Key Works and Artistic Milestones

The shift toward a new visual language is visible in the way his compositions began to shed recognizable subjects. In 1907, he produced The Yellow Scale, a work often cited as a central achievement in his development. By 1909, the painting Piano Keyboard/Lake signaled a departure from his earlier representational style, moving toward a more rhythmic arrangement of color. These early steps toward abstraction allowed him to explore how light and form could exist without the need for a literal subject.

As his experiments with movement and color deepened, his canvases became more structured and complex. His 1911 work, Disks of Newton, Study for Fugue in Two Colors, shows an interest in the intersection of scientific observation and musical rhythm. This period of intense investigation continued into 1913, when he created The Cathedral and Vertical and Diagonal Planes. The latter is held in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. These works demonstrate a focus on how lines and planes can organize a space through pure energy rather than through the depiction of physical objects.

Legacy and International Recognition

The influence of Kupka’s work settled into the foundations of modernism through his active involvement in the art community. In 1931, he became a founding member of Abstraction-Création, an international organization dedicated to the promotion of abstract art. This involvement helped establish a structured space for artists working outside the bounds of representation. His presence in the movement was recognized by major institutions, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York, which included his paintings in a historical overview of abstraction and cubism.

His approach to the canvas placed him alongside other significant figures who redefined the limits of painting. The way he used lines and forms to express ideas, rather than relying on recognizable images, helped establish him as a pioneer of abstract art in the history of fine art. His creative output is often viewed alongside the works of Piet Mondrian and Wassily Kandinsky, marking a shift toward a visual language that prioritized the interaction of color and shape over the depiction of the physical world.

Where to See His Works Today

To see his canvases in person, one might travel to New York City. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum holds several pieces, including The Colored One and Planes by Colors, Large Nude. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York also maintains a work from his period of abstraction, specifically Vertical and Diagonal Planes.

In Europe, his presence is felt in Paris and Prague. The Paris Museum of Modern Art in France houses his paintings, where the layers of color and light can be observed closely. In Prague, Czechia, the Museum Kampa holds a collection that includes his groundbreaking works, such as The Cathedral.

• Amorpha, Fugue en Two Colors, about 1912
• Disks of Newton, Study for Fugue in Two Colors, about 1911
• The Colored One, about 1920