Henry Ossawa Tanner

Henry Ossawa Tanner – A Pioneer of African American Art

Henry Ossawa Tanner (OS-uh-wuh) was an influential African American artist born on June 21, 1859, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the son of a prominent African Methodist Episcopal minister and a mother who escaped from slavery, which shaped his early life and values. Tanner developed a passion for painting at a young age and eventually pursued formal art education at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts under Thomas Eakins. In search of greater artistic opportunities, he moved to Europe in 1891, where he studied at the Académie Julian in Paris.

• Early Life: Tanner’s father, Reverend Benjamin Tucker Tanner, was educated at Avery College and Western Theological Seminary in Pittsburgh, demonstrating a commitment to intellectual pursuits. Sarah Miller Tanner escaped slavery via the Underground Railroad, sharing her husband's dedication to education by conducting a neighborhood school in their home. This upbringing instilled in Henry a profound sense of identity and purpose that would permeate his artistic vision.
• Education: He enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1879, where he studied under Thomas Eakins—a revolutionary figure advocating realism and anatomical study—laying the groundwork for his distinctive style.
• Parisian Awakening: Tanner’s relocation to Paris in 1891 proved pivotal, exposing him to a vibrant cultural landscape and fostering connections with Impressionist artists. He embraced the Académie Julian's curriculum and honed his technical skills.

Tanner’s artistic journey began with depictions of African American life—particularly “The Banjo Lesson” (1893)—which challenged prevailing stereotypes and championed dignity and skill. His work quickly gained recognition, culminating in the acceptance of “Daniel in the Lions’ Den” into the prestigious 1896 Salon, marking a watershed moment for an African American artist on the international stage.

• Notable Works: Among his most celebrated paintings are “The Banjo Lesson,” “Daniel in the Lions’ Den,” “The Resurrection of Lazarus,” “The Annunciation,” and “Christ Walking on the Water.” Each piece reflects Tanner's profound engagement with biblical narratives and explores universal themes of faith, suffering, and redemption.
• Symbolism & Technique: Influenced by Symbolist painters, Tanner skillfully employed light and color to convey emotion and spiritual depth—a hallmark of his artistic style. His meticulous anatomical studies, honed under Eakins’ tutelage, contributed to the realism that characterized his oeuvre.

Henry Ossawa Tanner stands as a monumental figure in American art history, not only for his artistic achievements but also for his pioneering role in breaking down racial barriers. He was the first African American painter to gain widespread international acclaim—a testament to his talent and perseverance. His legacy continues to inspire artists today, reminding us of the transformative power of art and the enduring human spirit.