Student Artwork Guide
Copyright This work is in the public domain. John Raphael Smith died in 1812; copyright lasts 70 years after the artist’s death, so it ended in 1882.
In context
Edward Jenner — John Raphael Smith
Shaded: the lifetime of John Raphael Smith (1752–1812)
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Measured from the image
Main colour
Espresso #5a4122
Catalogued palette
Artist and museum
Born in Derby, United Kingdom
John Raphael Smith, born in Derby in 1751, was a pivotal figure in the flourishing world of British art during the late Georgian era. His story is one of remarkable versatility – painter, mezzotint engraver, print dealer, and mentor to a generation of artistic luminaries. Though perhaps not as widely celebrated today as some of his contemporaries, Smith’s influence resonated deeply through the artistic landscape of his time, shaping both the technical prowess and aesthetic sensibilities of countless artists. His early life, steeped in the atmosphere of a painter's household – his father, Thomas Smith, was a respected landscape artist – provided fertile ground for his burgeoning talent. An initial apprenticeship as a linen-draper offered a practical grounding, but it was the pull towards artistic expression that ultimately defined his path. A move to London in 1767 marked the true beginning of his career, supplementing income from miniature portraits with an eager embrace of printmaking.
Smith quickly established himself as a master of mezzotint engraving, a technique demanding both meticulous skill and artistic vision. This process, involving the creation of tonal variations through the scraping and burnishing of a copper plate, allowed for an extraordinary level of detail and atmospheric depth. His early successes with prints after works by Henry Benbridge and others soon garnered him recognition, but it was his engagement with the work of Sir Joshua Reynolds that truly cemented his reputation. Over forty reproductions of Reynolds’ paintings flowed from Smith's hand, demonstrating a remarkable ability to capture not only likeness but also the subtle nuances of color and texture inherent in the original works. This dedication to faithfully interpreting Reynolds’ style showcased Smith’s technical mastery and established him as a leading engraver of his day. Beyond portraiture, Smith explored genre scenes and satirical pieces – over 400 works in total, including 120 dedicated to everyday life – revealing a keen observational eye and a playful wit. His portraits were particularly noted for their realism and attention to detail, offering intimate glimpses into the lives of prominent figures.
Smith’s talent did not go unnoticed by the highest echelons of society. In 1784, he received a prestigious appointment as Mezzotint Engraver to the Prince of Wales, solidifying his position within the artistic establishment. This royal patronage opened doors to commissions from influential individuals, resulting in striking portraits of figures like Charles James Fox, Benjamin Thompson, Lieutenant William Collingwood, and Mrs. Carnac. These works stand as testaments to Smith’s ability to capture both physical resemblance and psychological depth. His involvement extended beyond mere reproduction; he was a shrewd print dealer and publisher, notably collaborating with the radical writer and artist William Blake. This association highlights Smith's willingness to engage with diverse artistic voices and his role in fostering a vibrant intellectual climate within London’s art world. A particularly noteworthy commission came from John Milnes, who tasked Smith with reproducing Joseph Wright of Derby’s haunting masterpiece, The Captive. The resulting engraving was limited to just twenty impressions before the plate was deliberately destroyed, adding an aura of exclusivity and rarity to this exceptional work.
Perhaps one of Smith's most enduring legacies lies not solely in his own artistic output but also in his dedication to nurturing the next generation of talent. He served as a prolific mentor, training numerous apprentices who would go on to become celebrated artists in their own right.
Among his pupils were giants such as J.M.W. Turner,
Charles H. Hodges,
William Ward,
Thomas Girtin,
and James Ward.
His guidance extended beyond technical instruction, instilling in them a deep appreciation for artistic principles and a commitment to excellence. Smith’s influence on these younger artists is undeniable, shaping their individual styles and contributing significantly to the evolution of British art. He was recognized as one of the highest-ranking mezzotint engravers of his time, leaving an indelible mark on portraiture and printmaking during the Georgian era. His later life saw him travel extensively throughout Yorkshire fulfilling commissions for pastel portraits before his death in London in 1812, leaving behind a rich artistic legacy that continues to captivate and inspire today.
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Look closely
Edward Jenner — John Raphael Smith
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